The theoretically proposed graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube (G/SWCNT) hybrids by placing SWCNTs among graphene planes through covalent C-C bonding or meso 3D graphene structures are expected to be with extraordinary physical properties and promising engineering applications. Herein, Chemical vapor deposite(CVD) growth of 3D sp2 nanocarbon structure such as graphene carbon nanotube(G-CNT) hybrids, unstacked double-layer graphene (UDG), graphene nanofiber (GNF) with meso single crystal layered double oxide (LDO) or MgO as hard templates with tunable structures, surface area, pore size and the conductivity was explored. The as obtained G-CNT-S cathode exhibited excellent performance for Li-S batteries with a capacity as high as 650 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles even at a high current rate of 5 C. The UDG separated by a large amount of mesosized protuberances and can be used for high-power lithium–sulphur batteries with excellent high-rate performance. Even after 1,000 cycles, high reversible capacities of ca. 530mAh g-1 and 380mAh g-1 are retained at 5 C and 10 C, respectively.While the high conductive GNFs made from MgCO3 nanofiber hard templates have the short diffusion distance for ions of ionic liquids electrolyte to the surface which yield high surface utilization efficiency and have a capacitance up to 15 μF/cm2, higher than single-walled carbon nanotubes.

A rationally designed N-ACNT/G sandwich was proposed and fabricated via a two-step CVD growth. Aligned CNTs and graphene layers were in situ anchored to each other, constructing a sandwich-like hierarchical architecture with efficient 3D electron transfer pathways and ion diffusion channels. The moderate chemical modulation induced by nitrogen doping introduced more defects and active sites to the carbon framework, thereby improving the interfacial adsorption and electrochemical behaviors. When the novel N-ACNT/G hybrids were used as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, greatly enhanced cyclic and rate performances were demonstrated.

These types of 3D sp2 structures are expected to be an important platform that will enable the investigation of stabilized three-dimensional topological porous systems and demonstrate the potential of sp2 materials for advanced energy storage, environmental protection, nanocomposite and healthcare applications.

　　碳纳米管及石墨烯具有最好的机械强度、杨氏模量并有很大的断裂伸长率。如将两者进行适当的结构设计，不仅可制备出机械储能性能最好的“超级弹璜”也可制成具有比目前缓冲能力最好的材料提高数倍的超级缓冲材料。这一切有赖于合理的碳纳米结构设计与先进的自下而上的碳纳米材料制备技术。本文将就碳纳米材料机械储能的基础，目前在宏观尺度可达到的机械储能水平到大规模宏观制备碳纳米材料可达到的机械储能性能等方面进行分析。
　　由于sp2碳纳米结构的特点，只有完美结构的石墨烯与碳纳米管在均匀受力条件下才可得到最好的机械储能性能，利用生长结构完美超长碳纳米管的进展，制备出550mm超长碳纳米管，并发现毫米级长度下其强度可达120Gpa，模量达1.2Tpa，断裂伸长率达17%，这样，毫米级长度下碳纳米管的机械储能能力达1125Wh/kg，功率密度达144 MW kg-1，能量密度是目前锂离子电池的5-8倍。最近的多根碳纳米管束的测量表明，这种机械储能性能在碳纳米管成束后也可在一定程度上保持。
　　利用聚团碳纳米管，或碳纳米管阵列，进行碳纳米管的压缩储能，虽然与单根碳纳米管的储能性能相比，会有数量级的下降，对于13nm的聚团多壁管，其机械储能能力达到70 kJ/kg，对于利用蛭石插层生长的阵列碳纳米管，由于其类似席梦思床垫的结构，可使机械储能性能达到150 kJ/kg。并且可以多次循环使用。最近，我们利用碳纳米管与石墨烯原位生长的方法制成阵列碳纳米管-石墨烯杂化结构，可以利用碳纳米管与石墨烯的超强结构特征，将这类碳纳米材料的机械储能性能提升到237 kJ/kg。并可以反复使用保持在83%以上的循环机械储能效率。由于这类材料可以批量制备，其优异的机械储能性能及缓冲性能将为未来汽车、仪器及大型建筑类机械储能与高性能缓冲应用开辟新的领域。

The theoretically proposed graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube (G/SWCNT) hybrids by placing SWCNTs among graphene planes through covalent C-C bonding or meso 3D graphene structures are expected to be with extraordinary physical properties and promising engineering applications. Herein, Chemical vapor deposite(CVD) growth of 3D sp2 nanocarbon structure such as graphene carbon nanotube(G-CNT) hybrids, unstacked double-layer graphene (UDG), graphene nanofiber (GNF) with meso single crystal layered double oxide (LDO) or MgO as hard templates with tunable structures, surface area, pore size and the conductivity was explored. The as obtained G-CNT-S cathode exhibited excellent performance for Li-S batteries with a capacity as high as 650 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles even at a high current rate of 5 C. The UDG separated by a large amount of mesosized protuberances and can be used for high-power lithium–sulphur batteries with excellent high-rate performance. Even after 1,000 cycles, high reversible capacities of ca. 530mAh g-1 and 380mAh g-1 are retained at 5 C and 10 C, respectively.While the high conductive GNFs made from MgCO3 nanofiber hard templates have the short diffusion distance for ions of ionic liquids electrolyte to the surface which yield high surface utilization efficiency and have a capacitance up to 15 μF/cm2, higher than single-walled carbon nanotubes.

A rationally designed N-ACNT/G sandwich was proposed and fabricated via a two-step CVD growth. Aligned CNTs and graphene layers were in situ anchored to each other, constructing a sandwich-like hierarchical architecture with efficient 3D electron transfer pathways and ion diffusion channels. The moderate chemical modulation induced by nitrogen doping introduced more defects and active sites to the carbon framework, thereby improving the interfacial adsorption and electrochemical behaviors. When the novel N-ACNT/G hybrids were used as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, greatly enhanced cyclic and rate performances were demonstrated.

These types of 3D sp2 structures are expected to be an important platform that will enable the investigation of stabilized three-dimensional topological porous systems and demonstrate the potential of sp2 materials for advanced energy storage, environmental protection, nanocomposite and healthcare applications.

　　碳纳米管及石墨烯具有最好的机械强度、杨氏模量并有很大的断裂伸长率。如将两者进行适当的结构设计，不仅可制备出机械储能性能最好的“超级弹璜”也可制成具有比目前缓冲能力最好的材料提高数倍的超级缓冲材料。这一切有赖于合理的碳纳米结构设计与先进的自下而上的碳纳米材料制备技术。本文将就碳纳米材料机械储能的基础，目前在宏观尺度可达到的机械储能水平到大规模宏观制备碳纳米材料可达到的机械储能性能等方面进行分析。
　　由于sp2碳纳米结构的特点，只有完美结构的石墨烯与碳纳米管在均匀受力条件下才可得到最好的机械储能性能，利用生长结构完美超长碳纳米管的进展，制备出550mm超长碳纳米管，并发现毫米级长度下其强度可达120Gpa，模量达1.2Tpa，断裂伸长率达17%，这样，毫米级长度下碳纳米管的机械储能能力达1125Wh/kg，功率密度达144 MW kg-1，能量密度是目前锂离子电池的5-8倍。最近的多根碳纳米管束的测量表明，这种机械储能性能在碳纳米管成束后也可在一定程度上保持。
　　利用聚团碳纳米管，或碳纳米管阵列，进行碳纳米管的压缩储能，虽然与单根碳纳米管的储能性能相比，会有数量级的下降，对于13nm的聚团多壁管，其机械储能能力达到70 kJ/kg，对于利用蛭石插层生长的阵列碳纳米管，由于其类似席梦思床垫的结构，可使机械储能性能达到150 kJ/kg。并且可以多次循环使用。最近，我们利用碳纳米管与石墨烯原位生长的方法制成阵列碳纳米管-石墨烯杂化结构，可以利用碳纳米管与石墨烯的超强结构特征，将这类碳纳米材料的机械储能性能提升到237 kJ/kg。并可以反复使用保持在83%以上的循环机械储能效率。由于这类材料可以批量制备，其优异的机械储能性能及缓冲性能将为未来汽车、仪器及大型建筑类机械储能与高性能缓冲应用开辟新的领域。